So I spent about three hours at the local late-night cafe tonight with Robbie knitting, reading and playing chess (I beat him twice! and he insists he didn't do it on purpose but I don't know if I believe him). When we weren't playing chess, I was reading a little collection of Russian short stories that he lent me since I mentioned I wasn't particularly enjoying Chekhov (so far) and it had a couple of selections by two literary figures I like a lot more: Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Now I'm about as far as you can get from being an expert on Russian literature and these three people are the only Russian authors I've read but my short take on D. and T. is that T. is more certain about morality where D. just doesn't know but asks the questions in good and important ways. The two short stories I read by them tonight, though, kind of challenge that statement. I think. Here follows two synopses of the stories, my takes on them and then a question, are you a Dostoevsky or a Tolstoy? Read on if you are not intimidated by long posts and let me know what you think.
T's After the Ball (link takes you to an online version of the story) is about a man telling a story of how his life took a certain fateful turn one day when he was young. He [the narrator in the story] says that this experience is an argument against the idea that environment influences morality (which made me think of that Peter Maurin/IWW quote about the importance of creating "a society in which it is easier to be good") so I perked up when I read that, interested to know what T. was going to say about it. So, in the story, the old-man narrator relates a tale about his once being in love with this beautiful young woman and how his love was so pure, so all-encompassing that it enveloped not only the young woman but everyone around her as well, including and especially her father, a respected colonel in the Russian military. So one night he's at this dance and he dances with said young woman all night and watches her dance with her father and everything's great and at last he goes home at 4 or 5 in the morning but is too happy to sleep so after a couple of fitful hours he goes out for a walk. By then the sun is up and he finds himself on the other side of the city and he turns a corner and suddenly sees a lot of military men hanging about a certain house and there's quite a bit of commotion so he asks a bystander what's going on and he's told that the regiment is punishing a deserter by making him run the gauntlet. The narrator nears the spectacle and what does he see but the young woman's father, the colonel is in charge of all this brutality and there he is literally up on his high horse encouraging his men to viciously beat this poor soldier to death. He wanted to give them the benefit of the doubt, saying what did he know about the facts of the case "But hard as I tried, I couldn't understand [why they were torturing this man, if it was the right thing to do or not] and without this understanding I was unable to go into the army" and so he doesn't and his life is forever changed, not by environment, he says but by this one experience. End of story.
hmmmm.... interesting. This story is one of T.'s later ones, written when he was about 75 and had renounced his former life, his estate and title, his wealth and his earlier writings. He lived like a pauper, embracing a Sermon on the Mount kind of Christianity (sorta like Dorothy Day and my friend Pat). It's an outlook I much admire but don't know if I have the kind of certainty required to fully adopt it and so I always fancied myself more of an ambiguous Dostoevsky-type.
D's story though, seemed more like T's philosophy in this respect. "A Strange Man's Dream" (couldn't find any online version) is about a man who has decided to commit suicide but hasn't decided whether to shoot himself in the head or in the heart. So he's out walking one night, waiting for clarification when he runs into a little girl who's terrified and screaming and crying something about her mother. The man understands that her mother must be dying but he shoves the girl away because since he's already decided that he's going to off himself what does it matter whether he's ethical or not in this situation? (That's the head thinking, see) The girl runs off and finds someone else to help her. The man goes back to his apartment to sit, like he does every night at his table with the gun in front of him, trying to decide, head or heart, head or heart... and he falls asleep and he has this dream. The dream is about an idyllic world where people are happy and in perfect relation with the world and each other (sorta like in the garden of Eden or the song Imagine) until he --the man himself-- corrupts them (says he doesn't know how maybe just by his mere presense) and then they start becoming like us, like our world, fearful and insecure, in need of laws to keep them from murdering each other and the like and suddenly they're inventing religions and philosophies with the aim of getting that perfect state of being back again and they declare that "knowledge is supieror to feeling, consciousness of life supieror to life. Science will give us wisdom. Wisdom will reveal laws and knowledge of the laws of happiness is supieror to happiness" (all head again, see). He feels tormented he has brought them to such a corrupt state and wants to do anything to help them get back where they were when he wakes up with a start, and suddenly has the revolver cocked at his head instinctively but he thrusts it away knowing at once that he would not kill himself that he would instead preach this message: the answer is the heart, the heart, the heart. He is a convert now; he has seen the truth. He immediately, completely and fully instinctively now understands that "the main thing is to love others as you love yourself... that is all. Nothing else is required". He says "it is an ancient truth which has been repeated and read a billion times, though it has not found acceptance" and for him, it's like he has heard it --really heard and understood it-- for the first time. "Consciousness of life is supieror to life. Knowledge of the laws of happiness is supieror to happiness --THAT IS WHAT WE MUST FIGHT AGAINST". End of story.
All that just to say that the heart is worthier than the head. Last sentence is a footnote "I sought out the little girl, by the way..." sorta like he wasn't doing so well living up to his new ideal but hey, we're all human. He [the would-be suicide man narrating] sounds like Tolstoy after he gave up being a writer for being a sort of monk. Definitely shoot the head. Keep the heart. It's a hard position to argue against, you know? And that's what I find so interesting. I'm not interested in arguing questions of left vs. right politically. I'm not interested at all in the right. I'm interested in the idea of an absolute truth, even and especially a kind, progressive, positive absolute truth like "love others as you love yourself" versus the idea that there are no absolute truths AT ALL.
The point is not whether my immature sophmoric ideas of Tolstoy versus Dostoevsky here are accurate or not (I'm sure there's a lot more nuances there and it'd be really interesting if there are any Russian lit majors reading my blog, if you could comment here and give us some insight) but let's just say GIVEN THIS ANALOGY, which are you a Tolstoy or a Dostoevsky?
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